Blackball (sometimes written black ball or black-ball) is a pool (pocket billiards) game that is popular in the United Kingdom, Ireland, several Western European nations, Australia and some other countries. In the UK and Ireland it is usually called simply "pool". The game is played with sixteen balls (a <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">cue ball</dfn> and fifteen <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">object balls</dfn>) on a small (6 ft x 3 ft or 7 ft x 4 ft) pool table with six <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">pockets</dfn>. Blackball is an internationally standardised variation of the popular bar and club game eight-ball pool (a.k.a. 8-ball pool or eightball pooll), closely related to the originally American and now professionally internationalised game eight-ball. The two main sets of playing rules are those of the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA, the International Olympic Committee-recognised governing body of pool) and its affiliate the European Blackball Association (EBA), known as "blackball rules", and the older code of the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF), often referred to as "world rules".
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Eight-ball pool (and thus its standardised form blackball), like international-style eight-ball, is derived from an earlier game invented around 1900 and first popularized in 1925 under the name B.B.C. Co. Pool by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company. Like blackball and eight-ball pool today, this forerunner game was played with seven <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">yellow</dfn> and seven <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">red balls</dfn>, unnumbered (in contrast to the international-style numbered <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">stripes</dfn> and <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">solids</dfn>, sometimes called kelly pool balls in the UK), a <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">black ball</dfn>, and the <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">cue ball</dfn>. The game had relatively simple rules compared to the modern game.[1][2][3][4]
Ball sets typically range from 2 inches (51 mm) up to 2 3⁄16 inch (56 mm), often with a slightly smaller cue ball, e.g. 1 7⁄8 inches (4.76 cm) for a 2 inch set. The most common sized sets on the market are 2 inch and 21⁄8 inch (54 mm). Along with the single white cue ball, plain unnumbered <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">red</dfn> (or sometimes <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">blue</dfn>[5]) and <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">yellow</dfn> <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">colour balls</dfn>, seven of each color, are used in lieu of the numbered <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">solids</dfn> and <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">stripes</dfn> common to international eight-ball and other pool games (which in the UK are usually called kelly pool balls). Many suppliers refer to the yellows-and-reds sets as "casino" balls, whether UK- or US-sized, because they were formerly used in US casino-hosted, televised, modified-rules eight-ball tournaments popular in the 1970s; the coloured rather than numbered sets were selected for their distinguishability on TV. The <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">black ball</dfn>, however, still typically bears a number "8" (a holdover from kelly pool), though numberless variants are not unknown.
British pool tables come in 6 x 3 foot (1.8 x 0.9 m) or 7 x 3.5 ft (2.12 x 1.06 m) varieties,[6] with 7 ft being the regulation size for league play. The table has pockets just larger than the balls and rounded, as in the game of snooker, whereas the international-style (or "American-style") table has pockets significantly wider, with pointed <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">knuckles</dfn>.
Tournament rules may require the presence of more than one type of <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">rest</dfn> (mechanical bridge), as in snooker.
There are two competing standards bodies that have issued international rules. The older, and currently dominant, of the two sets in British-style pool are the World Eight-ball Pool Federation (WEPF) rules (often called "World Rules").[7] The majority of WEPF members come from the UK and Ireland, and from current and former Commonwealth of Nations countries, plus Belgium.
A competing but very similar set of rules has been promulgated by the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), under the game name "blackball" to better distinguish it from the American-style game (for which WPA also promulgates rules),.[5] It was intended that "blackball" would unify the various existing British-style rulesets (presumably also including the WEPF rules) although this has not yet happened. The self-described "governing body" for WPA blackball in Europe, with numerous national and local affiliate groups, is the European Blackball Association (EBA).
The older World Eight-ball Pool Federation rules pre-date the WPA blackball rules, and remain popular as amateur league and even professional tournament rules in the UK, Ireland, Australia, some other Commonwealth countries, and a few European nations. Locally the WEPf rules (or minor variants thereof) are sometimes referred to as "British standard pool", "Irish standard pool", etc.
The balls are racked with <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">the black</dfn> (the 8 ball) on the <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">foot spot</dfn> (or "black spot"), in contrast with US-style eight-ball, nine-ball and most other pool games, in which the apex ball is placed on the foot spot. A "fair break" is one in which an object ball is potted, or at least 2 object balls pass the imaginary line that goes across the middle pockets. If the black is potted, the game is restarted with a <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">re-rack</dfn>, broken by the original breaker. If the cue ball is potted on an otherwise fair break, it is a "non-standard" <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">fault</dfn> (foul) that simply ends the breaker's turn, with no further penalties. If it is a foul (non-fair) break, the incoming player gets <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">two visits</dfn> as with other "standard fouls" (see below), and gets to break, after a re-rack, without the option to instead play the balls as they lie. Openness of the table (unlike in the American-style game) does not last long, in that if the breaker pots a ball on the break from one group, and elects to continue shooting that group, then that group are his/her balls-on, even if the post-break followup shot is missed, while if the group chosen did not have any balls potted on the break, the table remains open until a ball is legally potted (does not matter if legal or illegal shot by pocketing the cue ball), (while if no balls were potted on the break, the table is of course open). While the table is open, the shooter must nominate what group they are shooting for.
A legal (non-break) shot is one where the cue ball first hits a "<dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">ball-on</dfn>" (one of the balls in the player's own group), and does not pot the cue ball, the black or any of the balls in the opponent's group, and either one of the shooter's balls-on is pocketed, or a (any) ball contacts a cushion after the cue ball contacts the (first) ball-on. I.e., it is the same as in American-style, but with the additional requirement that one not sink an opponent's ball (doing so is a fault), and lacking the requirement that ball and pocket have to be called (i.e. <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">slop shots</dfn> are perfectly valid, even on the black.) There are other forms of fault, generally the same as in other pool games, such as potting the cue ball (except on the break, as noted above), knocking balls off the table, moving balls accidentally, double-hits and pushes (though the standards are weaker than in American-style rules), unsportsmanlike conduct, etc. There are also other unique fouls such as the requirement (borrowed from snooker) to shoot away from any ball that the cue ball is <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">frozen</dfn> to, without moving it (however if the frozen ball is the shooter's own, it counts as contacting a ball-on, and only a (any) ball must reach a rail for it to be a legal shot. As in informal American <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">bar pool</dfn>, but not WPA/BCA/IPT standardized American-style rules, players are sometimes required to take certain shots (besides the break shot) from <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">baulk</dfn> or <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">"the kitchen"</dfn>, i.e. from behind the <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">baulk line</dfn> (<dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">head string</dfn>), shooting forward across it. Also, all jump shots that result in missing an intervening ball are faults.
After a fault, the offending player will effectively miss a turn and give the opponent <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">two visits</dfn>. These free shots must be taken from <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">baulk</dfn>, unless the cue ball was potted, in which case the incoming player has <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">ball-in-hand</dfn> anywhere. The second free shot can be taken from baulk even if a legal ball was potted on the first post-fault shot; this is known as the "<dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">two-shot carry</dfn>" rule.
There are other unique rules, such as a relaxation of the legal shot requirements when the shooter is "<dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">totally snookered</dfn>", a prohibition against using either the <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">cross</dfn> or <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">spider</dfn> rest whilst the player is attempting to pot the black, and special handling of a <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">snooker</dfn> that resulted from an opponent's foul, such that the incoming player can elect to shoot the black or an opponent's ball first in attempting to pot their own ball-on, and can even pot both the black and the opponent's ball if the incoming player is on the black.
It is a loss of <dfn style="border-bottom:1px dotted #0645AD; font-style:inherit;">frame</dfn> (game) to fault in any way while actually potting (but not just shooting at) the black.
Blackball rules are very similar to the WEPF World Rules. One notable difference is that after a fault, the incoming player has a free shot (i.e., may take the cue ball in position or in-hand in baulk; the "wrong ball first" rule is suspended) and also has next visit (continues playing even if no ball or opponent's ball is potted on the free shot).
Both World Pool-Billiard Association (with PPPO and EBA) and World Eight-ball Pool Federation currently sanction the World Championships. As of 2010 WPA World Blackball Champion is Jayson Shaw from Scotland and WEPF Eight-ball Pool World Champion is Mick Hill from England.
For more information see: List of Blackball and "British-style" eight-ball pool champions
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